How and When Were Dogs Domesticated?

The Earliest Dogs Emerge

As you may know, dogs and wolves share a common ancient ancestor. While nobody knows exactly when they split off, the Smithsonian says scientists generally agree gray wolves and dogs diverged from an extinct species between 15,000 and 40,000 years ago. It’s still debated where these early canines originated, but archaeological digs trace the earliest known dogs to Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.

🐕 Related: 11 Dogs That Look Like Wolves (And Their Unique History) 

Where and When Were Dogs Domesticated? Experts Debate...

How long dogs have been domesticated remains shrouded in mystery, as several prominent theories and hypotheses pinpoint the first domestication events to different time periods and locations. However, most sources agree domestication began in Europe or Asia between 18,000 and 33,000 years ago. Here are some of the leading ideas about when and where the human-canine relationship began. 

Southern East Asia (33,000 Years Ago) 

Researchers from a Cell Research study used genome sequences from dogs and gray wolves to determine when canines might have been first domesticated. The results showed dogs from southern East Asia—such as Chow Chows, Akitas, and Shar-Peis—have higher genetic diversity than breeds from other parts of the world. Overall, the research indicated domestic dogs may have originated from Asia upwards of 33,000 years ago. 

Eurasia (20,000 Years Ago) 

A recent hypothesis published in Scientific Reports suggests humans initially domesticated canines during the Last Glacial Maximum (the most recent ice age) about 20,000 years ago. According to the hypothesis, humans in Eurasia relied on an animal-based diet during the period’s harsh winters, as plant-based foods were limited to a brief growing season. While these people would have eaten lots of animal fat, they would only have had a limited need for lean meat and may have shared their meat with dogs’ wolf-like ancestors during the winter. 

Europe (18,800–32,100 Years Ago) 

A Science study traced the first domestic dogs to Europe, with researchers using genomes and molecular dating to find their origin. The study revealed dogs’ interactions with European hunter-gatherers may have sparked domestication at least 18,800 years ago. 

A 14,000-Year-Old Skeleton Sheds Some Light

Although there’s uncertainty about how long dogs have been domesticated, let’s talk about what we do know. Researchers uncovered the oldest known evidence of a domestic dog in Germany, according to Scientific American. They found a 14,000-year-old couple and dog together, suggesting the dog was a companion. 

A similar burial site was discovered in Israel, which featured the 12,000-year-old remains of an elderly woman and a puppy. While these kinds of archaeological finds are rare, Scientific American claims the practice of burying dogs became more common after about 10,000 years ago. So regardless of when and where furry friends were first introduced to humans, one thing is clear: our relationship has lasted for a long, long time! 

How Did Dogs Become Domesticated?

The early relationships between dogs and humans were likely based on food rather than friendship. Modern dogs’ ancestors may have scavenged for food “leftovers” discarded at human camps, according to the BBC. While these animals likely wouldn’t have lived in people’s homes, they would have spent significant time around humans. We gradually lost our fear of each other, paving the way for the thriving relationship we share today. 

From Scavengers to Coworkers

As the affinity between dogs and humans progressed, so did furry friends’ roles in our communities. The oldest known cases of selective breeding occurred at least 9,500 years ago when dogs were bred to haul Arctic sleds, according to The New York Times. 

Since then, humans developed hunting, guarding, and herding dog breeds to help us find game and protect our homes and livestock. Dogs in return received safety from predators and greater access to food. And of course, we continue to reward our furry friends with delicious chews and treats they love! 

A Breed for Every Need

Today, the American Kennel Club recognizes about 200 dog breeds. In addition to making great companions, many pups have been bred as service dogs, search & rescue team members, therapy animals, and beyond. Regardless of when dogs were domesticated, furry friends have had generations of experience honing their work skills and building a special bond with us! 

Domestication is just one amazing aspect of how contemporary Cadets came to be. Discover these fascinating facts about dog evolution.